Brain Drain and Brain Gain In Asia (India, South Korea, China) Research Paper

Brain Drain and Brain Gain In Asia (India, South Korea, China) - Research Paper Example However, a different trend was noted towards the turn of the millennium where many immigrants from these Asian countries embarked on a reverse mode to their countries of origin (Lien & Wang 156-157). In this regard, the return channel of the immigrants meant substantial brain gain for the developing countries and absence channel for the western countries. It has been noted that professionals from China and India who have acquired higher education in the western countries are increasingly been forced back to their homelands. This is as a result of the economic instability and changing immigration laws in the western countries such as the United States. On the other hand, it is plausible that about 55% of Indian immigrants and about 80% of their Chinese counterparts return to their homelands due to the availability of equal business and employment opportunities back home. On a specific basis, about 30% of these immigrants have returned home due to increased job security. In addition, 2 8% have been attracted back by brighter future prospects, and 25% have been attracted by enhanced education systems and options. Furthermore, about 12% of the immigrants have cited attractive employment packages as their major reasons for opting back to the motherland (Paldam 458). Within the Asia-Pacific region, immigration and emigration of professionals and skilled workers has become as a pivotal point for some of the world’s economic movers including China and India. It has been noted that some of the major reasons that initially contributed to the movement of professionals from India and China included shortage of skilled labor, changing demographic patterns and rising costs of living. It is noteworthy that enhanced social, economic, political, and educational environment in the Asian region are churning new opportunities for migrant students, talented individuals, and skilled labor (Paldam

Children's rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Children's rights - Essay Example Despite the fact that politics takes a central place in deciding which way children rights take in given nations, it has always reeled against the lack of consensus among stakeholders marginalising political science in discussions of children rights as Beetham (1995:1) observes. As Forsythe (1991: 174) postulates, a significant majority of political scientists do not contend the perception that children rights and human rights in general are critical aspects of international relations. According to Lukes (1993:20), there are very peculiar trends that register in children rights assessments; among them is the prevalent characteristic where virtually nobody rejects the promotion of the idea of preservation of children rights yet reports of abuses of children are wrought in news agencies. One aspect worth noticing is the inverse relationship between the high political will to promote human rights and the waning philosophical commitment. Primarily, philosophy has been conspicuously scept ical about the idea of human rights with its undesirable ontological status of human rights and more specifically children rights. Conservatives that constituted the French aristocracy, as Burke (1964:25) observes, contended that astute human rights and thus children rights could only prosper on a platform of distinctive state cultural frameworks enshrined in the nation’s legal framework which form the basis for their formation and as such their appropriateness. The United Nations Children’s Fund with its endeavour entrenched in the Convention on the rights of the child is the pioneer penal code that spells the broad diversity of the rights that individuals are entitled to throughout the world. These rights vary from person to person and constitute civil, economic as well as social together with political and cultural ones. The differing needs that characterise adult needs when compared to children’s were the motivation

ITM301 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ITM301 SLP - Essay Example Evidently the user-friendly structure and the dependability of the site are the major reasons why Wikipedia has become the highest ranking sites. Overall appeal Wikipedia is a professionally designed website for its simple whiteboard and well optimized content and images. The absence of promotional content also enhances its professional appeal. The article on ‘distance education’ published on the site can be taken as an example for its outstanding level of content and external link feasibility. At the same time, the well-bound internal linking structure also makes the specific article page and the entire site extraordinary. As in every case of Wikipedia articles, the ‘distance education’ also provides readers with hundreds of keywords and phrases which work as internal and external links for further research. Strengths of the site The website is rather interactive for it allows users to contribute to the content development and editing. Although it tends one to be skeptical of the reliability of the information, today inaccuracy is less likely to happen because of its strong self-control. The Wikipedia gives number of other options like contents, featured contents, current events, and random articles at the left hand side of the web pages which help users to trace required information quickly.

Downside Risk to Real Estate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Downside Risk to Real Estate - Essay Example The analysis includes independent variables drawn from a database and includes variables to adjust results for the impact of macroeconomic factors. In addition, indexes for the broader markets are identified and included in the regressions to adjust for the impact of trends in the general market. Investment in Listed Property Trusts (LPTs) or Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) has traditionally considered risk as an important factor. Numerous studies on risk have also demonstrated that REIT's financial condition and management structure have implications for its risk. Most of these studies have utilised the cross-sectional difference of REIT financial conditions and REIT management structure in estimating the relationship between these variables and risk. A REIT's risk is measured by the beta coefficient in the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) in which it is measured in a variance framework. However, the appropriateness of using CAPM in particular the use of beta as risk measure has been debated in recent years. In fact, several studies suggest downside systematic risk (downside beta) is comparatively better than systematic risk for measuring market-related risk for an asset in line with the theoretical superiorities of downside risk. Downside risk was first introduced by Roy (1952) primarily based on the safety first rule. It appears as a more intuitively appealing and secure risk measure compared to variance for several reasons such as downside risk does not require an assumption about the return distribution of an asset; it is more consistent with the investor's expected utility function and combining information provided by variance and skewness into one measure (Nawrocki, 1999, Estrada, 2002). Hogan and Warren (1974) and Bawa and Linderberg (1977) also demonstrated that downside risk (lower partial moment) can be generalised into CAPM and they developed a Mean-lower Partial Moment Capital Asset Pricing Model (MLPM-CAPM). The results from Price

The south after the civil war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The south after the civil war - Essay Example Earlier the south enjoyed a competitive advantage over the rest of the country with the help of slave energy and cultivation of huge plots of land. This measure had dual advantage. Firstly, the wage or cost per labor was considerably low and secondly this cost benefit was ploughed back into the agricultural business by buying large plots of land and cultivating huge area at one time. Thus it is obvious that the yield this way used to be generating formidable surplus out of the business. Once the civil war was lost and the advantage of slave energy was diminished the landlords or the region found it difficult to adjust with the changed situation of escalated labor cost and in the process they were forced to employ tenants and divide the land into smaller plots. Both these factors diminished returns and this caused the south to face a low per capita income and in the process became the most backward states of the nation. (Kunreuther, 526-51) However, there are opposing views to this hypothesis. Ransom believed that the main cause of economic degradation was due to the fact there was a substantial amount of racism present in the South even after the Civil War. This racism induced low legal and social support for the African American in the region.

Environmental Protection UK Essay Example for Free

Environmental Protection UK Essay Two lower primary boys died and their father and his girlfriend were equally hospitalized in coma after a terrible encounter with odorless, colorless and toxic fumes that leaked into their bungalow residence from a nearby hotel old and deteriorated boiler (Haines 2010). Carbon monoxide is a toxic and deadly gas that besides being odorless and invincible is quite light than air therefore rendering the gas more terrible in case of leakage. Mild exposure to the gas makes one get disoriented with dizziness and nauseating effect that render someone fatigued and sick. Continuous exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) leads to death within a short time for children while adults can pass out into a coma and if medical care is not guaranteed death is inevitable. Organically the gas contains oxygen molecule triple bonded with carbon and usually reacts with the body depriving the red blood cells ability from picking oxygen in presence of the lighter gas leading to cell suffocation due to lack of oxygen. Therefore the general public should be well familiar with the grave danger of CO that is usually liberated in partial combustion of petroleum products, gas, wood and coal that are used in boilers, engines, heaters and burners. Consequently it is important that the domestic home environment is sealed from dangers associated with CO gas leakages that are common due to presence of combustible materials in kitchen, garages and power generating equipment. Carbon monoxide in homes is as a result of partial combustion of fuels like gas, oil, coal or wood in various home appliances. This gas then leaks out into the atmosphere and inhaled by its victims unknowingly since it is odorless, colorless and very toxic to the thus calling for availability of first aid kits in all homes. Human efforts of preventing air leakage into the house especially during the cold season reduces the availability of fresh air into the house thus posing a threat of carbon monoxide congesting in the house especially when combustion activities are going on such as cooking or heating up the room. Use of unvented gas heaters and kerosene stoves can become a good source of carbon monoxide in homes since the fresh oxygen is inhibited from getting into the house or cooking room thus combustion is not fully achieved resulting into production of carbon monoxide. Worn out and poorly maintained devises that use combustion can lead to leakage of carbon monoxide saturation in homes due to untimely disconnections, blockage, wrong size of equipment that result from making use of unqualified personnel to install the house hold appliances or delay in replacing worn out ones . Such equipment includes boilers, heaters, generators and furnaces (EPA 2010). Blocked chimneys and poorly vented ventilations encourage accumulation of carbon monoxide in homes. Animal nests or thrown materials in chimneys always results into the carbon monoxide spilling back into the house thus leading to inhalation by any life animal and people found in the house or room. Further, blockages inhibit oxygen entry during combustion thus very little oxygen is made available for combustion which results into carbon monoxide production in the house thus posing a threat to lives. Storage of vehicles in attached garage leads to Carbon monoxide emission through the exhaust pipe especially during the warming up of the engine. Warming up of automobiles and other machines powered by gasoline like generators ,lawn mowers and grills in enclosed areas pose carbon monoxide poisoning hazard Use of charcoal burners, driers or ovens to heat up a poorly ventilated house leads to carbon monoxide build up and saturation in homes (NMGCO 1). Carbon monoxide is known to inhibit the capability of the blood carrying blood to major body most essential organs such as the heart, brain and liver. Upon inhalation, Carbon monoxide being a lighter gas than oxygen dissolves faster through the alveoli wall unto the red blood cells’ hemoglobin. The oxygen carrying protein has cooperatively ability such than it easily combines with large portions of available and lighter gas carbon monoxide thus forming a compound known as carboxyhemoglobin instead of oxyhemoglobin that is readily spent by the body cells (Robert 2010). Since carboxyhemoglobin is never used in the body, the blood is soon saturated with a foreign gas that cannot be easily removed thus depriving oxygen the hemoglobin transporting protein leading to oxygen deprivation that leads to headache, dizziness, fatigue, and chest pain to individuals with heart problems at lower concentration (NMGCO 2010). When the carbon monoxide concentration gets higher than the body immunity can handle it leads to poor vision and sensitization of the body cells in the victims leading to nausea, brain malfunction and mind confusion. At extreme concentration, carboxyhemoglobin is formed in the blood thus inhibiting the intake of oxygen in the body thus resulting into death of the victims (Bailey 2010). There are different measures that can be applied in order to reduce carbon monoxide poisoning accidents whose incidents are quite expensive to mitigate. Since the gas is tasteless, odorless and colorless, therefore carbon monoxide detectors can be installed in homes and domestic environments. Usually the accumulation of carbon monoxide can take place without notice in homes that use boiler, gas, kerosene and oil if the equipment is faulty. Regular checks should be organized by home-keepers by inviting qualified and focused technicians who can do professional repairs. Old burners, boilers, generators and CO producing equipment can be done away with in order to prevent unfortunate mistakes (CO 2000). According to US Environmental Protection Agency gas stoves can be done away with if the home environment is to be kept safe since though the equipment is cheap it pumps 5 to 15 parts per million (ppm) of carbon monoxide with the deteriorated ones scoring 30 ppm while the U. S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards advocates for outdoor air to contain 9 ppm and indoor a maximum of 35ppm of CO-thus the stove and coal appliances need to be used in open ground (Pollutte 2008). Meticulousness approach to usage of boilers and stoves can be achieved by usage of clear and dry fuel of the highest possible approved standards (Environment 2010). Other measures include having a Gas Safe Registered engineer to install gas appliances with annual checks. Bedroom heating material should avoid usage of gas and cabinet heaters. All homes that operate CO emitting appliances have to install chimneys and heat ventilations tat have to be checked frequently to clear blockage by cleaning (NHS 2009). In case of an emergence one should cut off the gas supply in the appropriate valve with immediate ventilation and urgent call to a medical facility and a qualified and certified technician to check on the leakage and report appropriately the cause with effective repairs to protect life and environment. Information dissemination to the community is quite vital if the health of the society is to be-held as a top priority. Carbon monoxide incidents can be compiled together to arouse the mind of the ignorant public about the ill effects of CO leakage and prove that all homes are at risk since gas and coal heaters are common cooking apparatus. Also the history brings in news about the colossal effects of accumulated amounts of carbon monoxide that affected legendaries as Allan Poe though during that time their generation attributed their deaths to sensitivity of the mind. Therefore if leaflets, magazines and other printed media forms of communication in conjunction with the internet, TV and other digital and analogue mass media the community can be reached and change can be effected bringing about both awareness and a social order that is organized to mitigating risks associated with carbon monoxide poisoning. Conclusively, carbon monoxide poisoning affects the body’s concentration of oxygen thus attacking the general health of the suffocated body parts. Since the gas is odorless, tasteless, and colorless makes it such a dreadful chemical gas that further enhances the fumes’ ability to sneak in and kill within a relative small span of time in high concentrations while causing detrimental body health deterioration that retards immunity leading to poor health and life. References: Haines, S 2010, Corfu â€Å"carbon monoxide death familys fight for justice†, BBC News Channel, accessed 5 May 2010 http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bradford/8497271. stm NHS, 2009, â€Å"What preventative measures can I take against carbon monoxide exposure? Gas safety Carbon monoxide awareness†. Health and safety Executive, accessed 5 May 2010 http://www. hse. gov. uk/gas/domestic/co. htm Pollette, C 2008, â€Å"Why is carbon monoxide poisonous? † Science, accessed 5 May http://science. howstuffworks. com/question190. htm Environment, 2010, â€Å"Using wood and coal for Home heating. Environmental Protection UK , accessed 5 May http://www. environmental-protection. org. uk/air-quality-and- climate/air-quality/solidfuel/ Robert, R 2009, â€Å"Is This Common Poison Carbon Monoxide Causing Chronic Illness? † Articles Directory http://www. articlesbase. com/alternative-medicine-articles/is-this-common- poison-carbon-monoxide-causing-chronic-illness-1433959. html CO, 2009, â€Å"A Guide to Prevent Carbon Monoxide Poisoning†, Carbon Monoxide, accessed 5 May http://www. carbon-monoxide-poisoning. com/ EPA 2010,An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality, Carbon Monoxide (CO), US Environmental protection Agency, Accessed 05 May 2010 http://www. epa. gov/iaq/co. html NMGCO 2010, Sources of Carbon Monoxide, New Mexico gas company, Accessed 05 May 2010 http://www. nmgco. com/Sources_Carbon_Monoxide. aspx Bailey, R 2010 Carbon monoxide,About. com Accessed 05 May 2010 http://biology. about. com/od/molecularbiology/a/carbon_monoxide. htm

The Sociological Perspective Of Religion

The Sociological Perspective Of Religion The institution of religion can be evaluated by varies sociological theories because the institution of religion has been part of every society since the beginning of humanity. With society it possible to find some sort of religion. Among these theories functionalism, conflict and interactions will be use to assess the impact each theory has on the religion institution. Sociologist tends to be interested in the social impact of religion on individuals and the institution. (Schaefer, 2009, p.323) They are not attempting to authenticate to the truth of the religion institutions merely probing how institution such as religions influences on individuals in society. Religion has been part of society foundation since the beginning of human existence. It has been the central part of other institution as well and have had a profound impact on the choices taken by other institutions. It is clear that Religion influence has extended widely through society. When looking at religion, one might attempt to discover how religion contribute to the stability of a societies Emile Durkheim, recognized the importance of religion in human societies. (Schaefer, 2009, p.323) He believed that religion brought about stability in society. Durkheim believed religion to be an influential force in society. Durkheim sought to answer a puzzling question, How can human societies be held together when they are usually composed of individuals and social groups with diverse interests and aspirations. (Schaefer, 2009, p. 327) Durkheim believe this was possible through what is called the societal glue, that is religion is source to keep society together and meaning and purpose in people in life. (p.327) In a functionalist point of view, the institution religion gives humanity a moral compass and a place to belong and reinforces social norms. Places of worship have become more than worship site it is also a place to socialize or fellowship. Furthermore, religion give different groups a certain sense of connection to others they might be of different faith they still find themselves bound to others who have a similar belief system. Institutions such as education and families are essential in relaying morals as the social norm, but religion may well be the institution that holds all of those to a higher standard. Religion provides support during some of life struggle and changes by applying morals in the early in a child life. Changes can be overwhelming, however with a strong religious tradition one can find meaning and direction in all of lifes tough times. Conflict Theory In the process of talking about religion, the focus is mainly on the positive aspects however, one can also find negative aspects in religion institution as well. Religions from the beginning of society have been the reason behind many conflicts in the world. Even today, in society conflict occur due to religion. For example in the United States, religion is used as a weapon by social conservatives. They use religion to push their social agenda such as the issue of abortion, same sex marriage, and stem cell research. Likewise, liberals tend to blame religion for a lack of freedom in make the afore mention choices. Religion has also been the source of conflicts between different types of faith such as Christian and Muslims. While in other countries, the dysfunction of religion has made citizens turn on their fellow citizens. For example, in Iraqi the Sunnis and the Shiites have fought civil wars because of different type of the same religion. In Europe, the Protestants and catholic h ave battled for years over different ideology. The conflict theorist believes that religion is a potential obstacle to a structural social change but also can be a source for cultural change through liberation theology (Schaefer, 2009, p.330) Dysfunction of religion is common ground for the functionalist and conflict theorists. The dysfunction of religion proves many theories within the conflict theory itself. Conflict theorist would say that religion provides tension between different groups, and societies. However, Functionalist and Conflict theorists see religion as possible source of social structure. The conflict perspective can be defined as a sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood on terms of tension between groups over power, or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation (Schaefer, 2009, p. 14-15). Furthermore, Conflict theorists examine the relationship of religion to social inequalities, especially how religion reinforces a societys stratification system. (Schaefer, 2009, p. 329) Karl Marx stated, Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world it is the opium of the people. He believed religion is a source of controlling working class, to convince them to accept their place in life. He states that Religion institutions are not exactly a positive force. Marx said that religion gives people the illusory hope that things will get better in the next life and prevents them from seeking a political answer in this( Marx, K. Engels, F. 1843)It is also believed, Religion legitimizes, reinforces and perpetuates the rule of the ruling class and their interests. (Marx, K. Engels, F., 1843) Conflict theorists consider religion an instrument to hold the working class in a state disregard to their social standing. The conflict theories hold that religion gives the society a false sense of hope, and cause them to be satisfied with their current state. Religion is often used as an instrument for the upper class, to subdue the lower class. Some religious organization such the catholic churches would have the layperson believe it better to be poor because it easier to enter heaven. The bible portrays the difficulty of a wealthy person giving up their wealth to follow Jesus Christ. This tends to make the lower class think it okay to be poor because they will have less to lose for the sake of the kingdom of God. Religion therefore hindered change in society by promoting obedience to domination; by take peoples attention away the injustices in society. Furthermore, it is use to justify imbalance of power available to only a select group by stressing rewards to come. Although people commonly assume that Karl Marx did not think religion had a place in society, that assumption is not entirely accurate. He believed that religion acted as a place of refuge from the difficulties of life and oppression. However, Marx thought that traditional religion would eventually fade. The final sociological perspective of religion institution to be analyzed is the Interactionist perspective; this theory a generalize posture about every day forms of social interaction, in order to explain society as a whole.(Schaefer, 2009, p.16) The Interactionist perspective studies are in contrast to conflict and functionalist perspective society because they evaluate social behavior on a micro sociological level. Interactionists theory focusing on the micro-sociology of a society in order to understand macro-sociology. Therefore Interactionist tend to examine the simply aspects of society, for instance, they study the interaction of people within specific institutions such as religion. These interaction can be observed in ones belief systems, and how such systems help society understand the things we experience in our everyday lives. Interactionism was first developed in the United States. George Herbert Mead is widely regarded as the founder the interactionist perspective often credited with founding the Interactionist perspective. Mead taught at the University of Chicago, and he pay attention to individualizes setting and small intimate groups. Meads teaching has led other moved away from macro social behavior to the micro level. He would concentrate on body language such as a facial expression, and how it effected other in the group mood. (Schaefer, 2009, p.17). Interactionists say that social change occurs when the positions and communication with one another change. The main idea of an Interactionist sociologist is to study nonverbal communication and small groups paying particular attentions to objects and symbols .(Schaefer, 2009, p.16) Within this theory, it has been stated religion is seen as a reference group, for many people, religion serves as a reference group to help them define themselves. This is where the functionalist and Interactionist theory find common ground; both perspectives see religion as a positive force, which provide a stabilizing factor within a society. Both also agree that religion can enrich an individuals life and enhances an individuals ability to deal with some of the difficulties in life. Regardless it is clear through the research of both perspectives that religion brings people within society, together; therefore adding a harmonizing and supportive structure with the society and or culture. An example of this is the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The U.S. civil rights movement is perhaps the best example of a social movement drawing on religious resources to accomplish its goals. Both religious leaders and laity were active in the civil rights movement. Congregations provided material resources necessary for large-scale political action, acted as conduits for frame dissemination and provided an ideal setting for the micro mobilization process to occur. (Loveland, M. T., Walls, E. N., Myers, D. J. and Sikkink, D., 2003). Another example of religions affect on social movements can be found in the debate over abortion. The issue of abortion has strong ties to the institution of religion within the United States. Almost every religious faction found in the U.S. has strong beliefs on whether abortion is immoral or not. Another notable sociologist Max Weber saw religion as a primary source of social change. He analyzed how Protestantism gave rise to the Protestant ethic, which stimulated what he called the spirit of capitalism. The result was capitalism, which transformed society. (Henslin J. ch. 13) In closing, one can clearly see the differences in the three sociological perspectives in regards to religion. While the three sociological perspectives have differing views on the institution of religion, they also see religion as a force within society that can motivate and facilitate social change and movement within a society. The institution of religion has a profound affect on the society, in which it dwells, adding both positive and possibly negative attributes that add to the stability of that society. However, a society that uses religion as a cornerstone, will ultimately find that it provides a settling sense over that society. In addition, religion will assist in the establishment and maintenance of the social norms and expectation within that culture.