How Organism Learn: Classical And Operant Conditioning :: essays research papers fc

How Organism Learn: Classical and Operant Conditioning There are two fundamental clarifications of how creatures learn. The first clarification is known as old style molding. The subsequent clarification is known as operant molding. These two kinds of learning are displayed in our regular daily existences through our home, school, and school. Traditional molding was found by Iran Petrovich Pavlov. He was initially a physiologist whose primary center was the stomach related framework (Gazzaniga 230). His disclosure was made during an examination on the salivation of mutts when given food. Pavlov saw that the mutts started salivating at the sound of the researchers strides and at their appearance into the room (231). This drove Pavlov to consider the wonder further. The analyses that Pavlov was initially watching depended on the set of unconditioned improvement and its unconditioned reaction. What is implied by adapted is that the reaction is programmed and dependent on intuition. To praise this name the boost is known as the unconditioned upgrade (Myers 260). With Pavlov's new perceptions another arrangement of upgrade and reaction was found. This new set is known as the adapted improvement and the molded reaction. What is implied by molded reaction here is that the reaction was learned. The boost starts as unbiased and causes no molded reaction. Be that as it may, in the event that the impartial boost can be related with another improvement, at that point it turns into an adapted improvement. Old style molding can be exemplified in the home, school, and school. In the home a kid could smell brownies heating in the kitchen which makes her mouth water. The brownies are the unconditioned upgrade, the smell is the molded boost, and the watering of the mouth is the adapted reaction (Myers 267-68). In work a man might be standing by to be terminated. At the point when he sees his manager he starts to perspire. The unconditioned boost is getting terminated, the molded boost is seeing the chief, the adapted reaction is the perspiring. In school a kid might be in class when out of nowhere the alarm goes off at which time the kid strolls to leave the structure. The unconditioned upgrade is dread of a fire, the molded boost is the sound of the alert, and the adapted reaction is the leaving of the structure. Operant molding is a life form's learning a relationship between how it carries on and what occurs because of that conduct (Gazzaniga 244). There are a few contrasts among traditional and operant molding. To begin with, the operant reaction needs to happen totally suddenly. In traditional molding the adapted reaction is drawn from a life form. In operant molding the reaction is conveyed by the life form which at that point anticipates the

Global Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Worldwide Business Plan - Essay Example The political, legitimate and administrative dangers featured that the district has a stable and advancement situated political scene, which is bolstered by the lawful framework in Canada. Besides the guidelines in the locale are like the ones in US, making the low and good for venture. The swapping scale dangers are low for the nation is low just as the money of the nation is very steady. The serious dangers in the district anyway are high as there exists savage rivalry among the neighborhood and the global business. The legislature has found a way to bring down this hazard for financial specialists. The circulation and flexibly chain dangers featured that the broker in the oil creation area who is answerable for moving and managing producers and wholesaler faces significant level of dangers. The physical and natural dangers are likewise high in Canada because of its extraordinary atmosphere and the rough territory of the land which makes extraction and burrowing troublesome and tedious. Furthermore the social dangers in the area are additionally present which identify with the contentions perspectives of the French talking and the English speaking Canadians. The SWOT examination of the Oilpec Inc Company was additionally performed which distinguished that the qualities of the Oilpec Inc related to its information and involvement with the field of appropriation, advertising, investigation, stockpiling and refining of oil. The shortcomings of the organization related to the shame that is connected with the oil organizations in the psyches of the individuals and the rising costs of oil which makes hardships for individuals in the worked. The open doors that are accessible to the organization relate to the way that the organization can keep its tasks costs low and offer buyers in the market with oil at lower costs. The dangers that are looked by the organization anyway remember the elevated level of rivalry for the business. Reason for Selecting the Country The reason for choosing Canada as a planned district for tasks for the Oilpec Inc Company depended on the key and hazard investigation of the locale. This examination gave that the economy of the district is a quickly developing one which is upheld by the augmenting Canadian dollar and the expanded financial action. Additionally in Canada there is no money limitations set on the repatriation of assets. In this way, sometimes, the repatriation may have charge outcomes. In Canada, trade rates are steady, so an outside organization will keep away from these dangers The strategies of the locale explicit to movement have permitted the nation to approach talented individuals assets. Furthermore while the raw petroleum division in the district has a serious industry, this permits new organizations to enter in the market as by bringing hindrances down to passage. Also the legitimate condition is ideal for worldwide organizations, as Canada is a US situated nation with solid social and monetary relations with the USA accomplices. This empowers organizations structure the United States to set up them selves in Canada without hardly lifting a finger. Advertising Mix and Marketing Plan The objective markets for the items to be fabricated by Oilpec Inc remember all oil purchasers for the worldwide market. There exists exceptional rivalry in the business for investigation, assembling and appropriation of raw petroleum in Canada and this requires a one of a kind promoting procedure for the item by Oilpec Inc. The organization

Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)

Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) February 01, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Laurence Mouton/Getty Images Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) is one of those psychiatric terms that can cause more confusion than clarity, especially to the person being diagnosed. Bipolar disorder NOS is usually diagnosed when a patient shows some symptoms of bipolar disorder but doesnt necessarily meet all the criteria as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5).?? Like schizoaffective disorder, a condition that falls somewhere in between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, bipolar disorder NOS may suggest you are at risk of eventually developing bipolar disorder. What Not Otherwise Specified Means Bipolar disorder NOS is more of a catch-all category than an actual type of bipolar disorder. Your doctor may use the classification to document symptoms which are consistent with bipolar disorder but fall short of the criteria needed to make a definitive diagnosis. In general, NOS is most commonly ascribed when a mood disorder is characterized by depression alternating with short episodes of hypomania (a milder form of mania). Oftentimes, the mood swings are rapid, occurring within days of each other. By and large, children and adolescents are most frequently diagnosed with NOS as they will be least likely to have a previous history of mood dysfunction. From a psychiatric standpoint, bipolar disorder NOS is taken just as seriously as any other form of mood disorder. It presumes that there is a problem and that it will be likely more definitively diagnosed in the future.By assigning the NOS diagnosis now, the person will be less likely to slip through the cracks should another mood episode occur. Still, there remains contention in the psychiatric community as to whether bipolar disorder NOS is a valid diagnosis or if it may lead to the premature treatment or overtreatment of an otherwise presumptive illness. As such, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) prefers the term unspecified bipolar disorder and unspecified depressive disorder to better reflect the uncertainty of the diagnosis.?? Diagnostic Criteria There are no specific criteria as to when a doctor should make a bipolar NOS diagnosis. With that being said, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) issued by the APA does provide examples as to when it may be appropriate: The person has experienced alternating manic or depressive symptoms, but the episodes are too short to meet the criteria for inclusion.The person has experienced both hypomania and depression, but the episodes are too short to qualify as a cyclothymic disorder.The person may have had multiple episodes of hypomania but no depressive episode.The person has had a manic or mixed episode after having been previously diagnosed with either schizophrenia or a psychotic episode.The person meets the criteria for bipolar disorder, but the doctor is concerned that the symptoms may be caused by recreational drugs, alcohol or a neurological disorder. Differential Diagnoses Any informed diagnosis of bipolar disorder NOS would involve a review of all other possible causes. In the event that substance abuse or an undiagnosed medical condition is suspected, further investigations may be ordered, including blood tests, a drug screen, neurological imaging, or other diagnostic techniques to identify an infection, injury, or malignancy. Ruling Out Conditions for a Mental Health Diagnosis The doctor should also consider other psychiatric conditions that closely mimic bipolar disorder NOS. One such example is a severe mood dysregulation (SMD), a condition seen in children and adolescents which is characterized by a persistently irritable or angry mood accompanied by frequent temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation. Unlike bipolar disorder NOS, SMD does not have distinct manic episodes but is rather defined by the persistence of irritability and temper. Current research strongly suggests that SMD is, in fact, not a form of bipolar disorder and that children with SMD are not at high risk of developing bipolar disorder as they get older.?? By contrast, bipolar NOS is commonly regarded as a precursor to either bipolar I or bipolar II disorder. Treatment There is no established treatment plan for bipolar disorder NOS. As such, the treatment would be largely based on a doctors clinical experience and the appropriate use of medications (including mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics) and psychotherapy. Currently, there is little evidence on how to appropriately treat bipolar disorder NOS or whether treatment offers any benefit compared to a watch-and-wait approach. Most experts still agree that psychotherapy can be beneficial to anyone deemed at risk of developing full-blown symptoms of bipolar disorder, ideally starting early.?? Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs A Word From Verywell While the NOS diagnosis can be frustrating for anyone looking for a definitive cause of their mood symptoms, its important to remember that it is often better to monitor a condition than rush into treatment that could expose a person to drugs he or she may not need. It is a situation commonly seen when someone with bipolar disorder is misdiagnosed with depression. When this happens, the person may be wrongly treated with antidepressants and experience an acute manic episode. In the end, when it comes to offering a bipolar diagnosis, it is always better to take a conservative approach until you have a clearer sense of what you are dealing with.

Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)

Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) February 01, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Laurence Mouton/Getty Images Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) is one of those psychiatric terms that can cause more confusion than clarity, especially to the person being diagnosed. Bipolar disorder NOS is usually diagnosed when a patient shows some symptoms of bipolar disorder but doesnt necessarily meet all the criteria as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5).?? Like schizoaffective disorder, a condition that falls somewhere in between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, bipolar disorder NOS may suggest you are at risk of eventually developing bipolar disorder. What Not Otherwise Specified Means Bipolar disorder NOS is more of a catch-all category than an actual type of bipolar disorder. Your doctor may use the classification to document symptoms which are consistent with bipolar disorder but fall short of the criteria needed to make a definitive diagnosis. In general, NOS is most commonly ascribed when a mood disorder is characterized by depression alternating with short episodes of hypomania (a milder form of mania). Oftentimes, the mood swings are rapid, occurring within days of each other. By and large, children and adolescents are most frequently diagnosed with NOS as they will be least likely to have a previous history of mood dysfunction. From a psychiatric standpoint, bipolar disorder NOS is taken just as seriously as any other form of mood disorder. It presumes that there is a problem and that it will be likely more definitively diagnosed in the future.By assigning the NOS diagnosis now, the person will be less likely to slip through the cracks should another mood episode occur. Still, there remains contention in the psychiatric community as to whether bipolar disorder NOS is a valid diagnosis or if it may lead to the premature treatment or overtreatment of an otherwise presumptive illness. As such, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) prefers the term unspecified bipolar disorder and unspecified depressive disorder to better reflect the uncertainty of the diagnosis.?? Diagnostic Criteria There are no specific criteria as to when a doctor should make a bipolar NOS diagnosis. With that being said, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) issued by the APA does provide examples as to when it may be appropriate: The person has experienced alternating manic or depressive symptoms, but the episodes are too short to meet the criteria for inclusion.The person has experienced both hypomania and depression, but the episodes are too short to qualify as a cyclothymic disorder.The person may have had multiple episodes of hypomania but no depressive episode.The person has had a manic or mixed episode after having been previously diagnosed with either schizophrenia or a psychotic episode.The person meets the criteria for bipolar disorder, but the doctor is concerned that the symptoms may be caused by recreational drugs, alcohol or a neurological disorder. Differential Diagnoses Any informed diagnosis of bipolar disorder NOS would involve a review of all other possible causes. In the event that substance abuse or an undiagnosed medical condition is suspected, further investigations may be ordered, including blood tests, a drug screen, neurological imaging, or other diagnostic techniques to identify an infection, injury, or malignancy. Ruling Out Conditions for a Mental Health Diagnosis The doctor should also consider other psychiatric conditions that closely mimic bipolar disorder NOS. One such example is a severe mood dysregulation (SMD), a condition seen in children and adolescents which is characterized by a persistently irritable or angry mood accompanied by frequent temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation. Unlike bipolar disorder NOS, SMD does not have distinct manic episodes but is rather defined by the persistence of irritability and temper. Current research strongly suggests that SMD is, in fact, not a form of bipolar disorder and that children with SMD are not at high risk of developing bipolar disorder as they get older.?? By contrast, bipolar NOS is commonly regarded as a precursor to either bipolar I or bipolar II disorder. Treatment There is no established treatment plan for bipolar disorder NOS. As such, the treatment would be largely based on a doctors clinical experience and the appropriate use of medications (including mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics) and psychotherapy. Currently, there is little evidence on how to appropriately treat bipolar disorder NOS or whether treatment offers any benefit compared to a watch-and-wait approach. Most experts still agree that psychotherapy can be beneficial to anyone deemed at risk of developing full-blown symptoms of bipolar disorder, ideally starting early.?? Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs A Word From Verywell While the NOS diagnosis can be frustrating for anyone looking for a definitive cause of their mood symptoms, its important to remember that it is often better to monitor a condition than rush into treatment that could expose a person to drugs he or she may not need. It is a situation commonly seen when someone with bipolar disorder is misdiagnosed with depression. When this happens, the person may be wrongly treated with antidepressants and experience an acute manic episode. In the end, when it comes to offering a bipolar diagnosis, it is always better to take a conservative approach until you have a clearer sense of what you are dealing with.

Beethovens passion for music - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 548 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Ludwig van Beethoven Essay Did you like this example? Beethoven was a German who had a passion for music. He performed his first talent for piano at the age of eight. Beethovens father was very proud of him and wanted him to pursue a career in music. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Beethovens passion for music" essay for you Create order Beethoven played the piano in a court. He would study Haydn and Mozart. He relocated to Vienna and there he made his mane as a virtuoso pianist. When he was living in Vienna, he started his position in composing. He composed a piece call Pathetique. Also, at this time, his hearing began to go away but those around had no idea about it. Beethoven was known for the classical type of music, but he soon turned to the romantic side of music as started to make that type of music. Beethoven went through an era where he did not put music out because he was refusing to acknowledge his health. He went through depression and was having suicidal thoughts. In 1818, he was considered to be completely deaf. Beethoven transitioned his music. He went from classical to romantic. One of his best-known compositions was the ?Symphony No.3. He wrote this in the honor of Napoleon. Beethoven found Napoleon as a man with superhuman capabilities. The composition was so unique that no one could ever pin point the exact sounds. He soon renamed the piece Eroica Symphony. It was such an extraordinary piece that everyone found it as one of the best of the entire genre of music. A second composition is ?Symphony No. 5. It is best known for its first four notes. He started creating this piece in 1804 but had to be delayed for four years because other music had to be released. It was performed by the name of Symphony No. 6 because of how long it was delayed. The last composition is the famous ?Fur Elise. It was released 40 years after Beethovens death. Most people think he dedicated this piece to his friend, Therese Malfatti. It was discovered by a German scholar. There are many more compositions. Beetho vens music was a very famous during his time. Everyone around loved every single one of his pieces. Beethoven played many types of different pianos. He played each instrument with care but may be played each instrument too rough. He used Viennese pianos, in which every time he would compose of a new song, he usually breaks the strings. With all the new changes in the pianos, they would be much stronger to handle Beethovens rough playing. Beethovens would go so into the song he is playing and loose control. Pianos improving gave him the benefit of playing just as he would like. Before Beethoven went completely deaf, he created his greatest works. He tried to hide his illness from everyone around him. He composed many works before he deaf. When his hearing got worse, he would sit at his piano just to feel the vibration from the instrument. At the beginning of his career, he would use high frequency notes because he could hear them better, but after his hearing got worse, he stopped use those types of notes. He continued to perform after he went deaf, but he would break every piano because he was banging on it so hard in order to hear any type of sound.

From Nature to Society Essay - 1872 Words

From Nature to Society In 1690, John Locke laid the groundwork for his philosophy on civil society in his Second Treatise of Government. Sixty-five years later, in France, Jean Jacques Rousseau set out on a similar endeavor, attempting to deconstruct the social contract to the point to which it could be more easily interpreted. For their own purposes, the two political philosophers used similar terminology, most notably the â€Å"state of nature.† It is evident that Rousseau borrowed a great deal of Locke’s conceptions and even quotes Locke a few times in his Discourse on the Origins of Inequality. The two, however, construct some fundamental differences in their own perceived states of nature which ultimately lead to a differing opinion on†¦show more content†¦By establishing equality as a value of paramount importance, he can lay the framework for those issues which lead to dispute among men and eventually, toward civil society. For him, these issues are health, liberty, and posse ssions (or more familiarly, property). Locke’s state of nature begs for the preservation of life, liberty, health, limb, and goods of another, unless taking one of these things away â€Å"be to do justice to an offender† (Locke 9). In the state of nature, one finds a semblance of civil society. Locke believes that every individual has the right to punish the transgressors of the law of nature so long as the punishment hinders the violation of the law. His state of perfect equality among men clearly demands this. There lies within nature no superiority, no judge, and no great body which makes legal decisions. Therefore, he demands that every individual be judge in his own case and executioner of the law. Clearly, there arises a problem, one which Locke meets head on: â€Å"self-love will make men partial to themselves and their friends†¦ I easily grant, that civil government is the proper remedy for the inconveniencies of the state of nature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Locke 12). The issue of civil government and i ts development from the state of nature will be addressed later in this paper, but it should be noted here that Locke maintains that civil government attempts to address the ills thatShow MoreRelatedNature Vs. Society : A Timeless Discrepancy1626 Words   |  7 PagesNature vs. Society: a Timeless Discrepancy Research has proven that different environments can impact our bodies in different ways. What one sees, hears, and experiences can significantly alter their mood. In an unpleasant environment, one will feel stressed, sad and tired. A positive environment, such as nature, can completely reverse those emotions. Regardless of one s background, culture or age, humans find nature to be pleasing. It has been proven that exposure to nature makes one feel betterRead MoreThe Challenge Of Facts By Samuel Graham Sumner1262 Words   |  6 Pageshuman society. Vice and virtue are commonly referred to as one relationship, while capitalism is frequently referred to as a separate relationship, and they are constantly compared. Sumner starts his essay out by explaining how socialism has been around forever. It can be visibly seen throughout cultures, and societies throughout history from different time periods and different regions. Socialism’s roots essentially come from when man kind can portray â€Å"harsh facts† about human society. Sumner’sRead MorePolitics, Society And The State Of Nature930 Words   |  4 PagesPolitics, society and the state of nature are connected. Though Rousseau and Kant state that civil society and humanity amongst citizens can only be found if they are not related to the state of nature, in their explanation of laws and society in their political recommendations, the visibility of the state of nature is evident. However, their ways of clarifying nature are not the traditional way. They took a more aggressive approach to defining the purpose of state of nature in relation to politicsRead MoreNature Vs Society : Society Vs. Society728 Words   |  3 Pages confronted with the idea of nature along with society. Although both have their pros and cons they work together to give us freedom and order among individuals. Society provides a person with comfort and clarification, however it is nature that allows a person to escape the boundaries created and truly be theirself in a free experience, which causes a person to live a life with their own will. Within the poems of Walt Whitman he discusses the significance between society vs nature. In the poem When I heardRead MoreJohn Locke And Jean Jacques Rousseau1270 Words   |  6 Pages The implementation of a society in which all are guaranteed equal rights has never come to fruition. Through political treatise, formulated essay’s, and prototypical society s, many have attempted to recreate the works of famed philosophers: John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Disagreeing regarding the innate goodness of humans, both understand that for a political society to function properly, humans must be given a society in which prosperity is the goal. Therefore, underlying the key themeRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth s Nature Of Nature1274 Words   |  6 PagesWordsworth, God permeates nature to reach humanity. Throughout his poetry, Wordsworth conveys that nature has powerful influence over humans. In the â€Å"Lucy Poems,† he uses a young girl to symbolize nature’s streng th. With her elusive, unique, and mesmerizing life, Lucy consumes the speaker’s mind, much like Wordsworth’s obsession with nature. Because God is the spirit that moves through and informs the universe, nature serves as God’s medium. As an extension of God, nature works through Lucy to createRead MoreNature Ralph Walden Emerson and Henry David Thoreau Walden1693 Words   |  7 PagesSELDA PUR 2009105153 ‘NATURE’ AND ‘WALDEN’ ‘Nature’ and ‘Walden’ are two art works basically giving the similar messages to the readers. Their writers are different but one of the things which make these works similar is Henry David Thoreau is affected by Ralph Waldo Emerson’s works and ideas very much. Secondly, their essays are both inspired from transcendentalism movement. Finally, their theme are both the same, they deal with mainly the idea of ‘nature’. 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These different views of human nature have come to propel change and have come to revolutionized human history. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Michel de Montaigne, and Thomas Hobbes all differ on their ideas of human nature, butRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1545 Words   |  7 Pagesmankind, nature has provided us with the resources to survive by providing humans with food and shelter, which is why humans view nature as a home. In Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the main character Huck tries to escape to the north with a runaway slave named Jim. While in nature, they learn how to trust each other and develop their own opinions instead of following what society believes is right. In Emerson’s short essay, â€Å"Nature†, Emerson describes nature as a place

Media and public sphere Free Essays

The Internet is a place where people gather information, discuss issues of common concern, and coordinate political activities. At the same time, the Internet is a part of a larger communicative environment, which is connected to other parts of the public sphere as well as other parts of the media industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Media and public sphere or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words, the Internet is a complex, multidimensional space, where a lot of different things are happening. Given this fact, what are the criteria we would need in order to decide whether the Internet is good or bad for democracy (and the public sphere)? Based on those criteria, what is your verdict for the Internet: good for democracy or bad for democracy? Internet is a major source of the information overflow in the society today. It is undeniable that it is through this particular advancement in the technology of conversation and communication that the different areas around the globe are becoming easily connected through the World Wide Web. The said nature of opened communication that society is particularly involves with in present naturally makes it easier for simply anybody to share their idealisms about several social issues through the internet. These issues include political as well as social issue-based topics that naturally raise questions in the society today. Having the capability to express ones views on certain issues and have the chance to be heard by others around the world who are naturally interested in the same issues is such a huge privilege for people of the present generation. It is undeniable though that with this particular freedom of expression, many among the population of the human society today recognize that speech could be abused as long as it tells the truth. However, the measure of truth is differently presented depending on the views of the people involved in the issue. Usually, the truth is measured by individuals through identifying how the situation that they are into actually relates to them. In this regard, the basis of the freedom that people particularly enjoy in using the different assets brought to them by the internet developments could be noted to have an impact on the social behavior of the entire human society with regards freedom and democracy. The demarcation line of what should be considered as limits of the process may not be that easy to identify anymore. This is particularly the reason why so many fraudulent informations are flooding the territories of the Internet today. It is indeed undeniable though that although these informations are known to be fraudulent, there are those who cannot differentiate the substance of the issues presented through blogging and web postings on whether they are actually true or simply a misconception or opinionated views of several individuals wanting to affect the others with their idealisms in life or on certain topics of interest as they are. Considering Jay Rosen’s comment on the issue, it could be observed that he pointed out an important fact in his article. He noted that democracy through internet measures may not be called democratic freedom as it is. At times, the situation goes out of hand and freedom becomes an unnerving result of abuse of speech. Given your research topic, how are the discussions/ conversations/ commentaries different in the Internet than they are in some other media format? What kind of data would you need to determine whether these Internet conversations are connected to the public sphere in a way that improves (or damages) democracy? Internet issue presentations are usually opinionated rather than based on factual evidences. This is because of the fact that there are numerous writers, both amateur and professional who are able to present their ides through the net. Most often than not, it is the ability of the people to concentrate on actually showing the people what position they particularly take in certain issues concerning the society that drives their motives of writing. Obviously, this process of presenting values of the events is a biased procedure of engaging with the different causes of the emerging issues on the increase of fraudulent information in the internet. In terms of being authenticated, it is naturally obvious that internet based informations may not be easily noted to be reliable at all. This is because of the fact that the sources are not merely that easy to identify to say that they are indeed of high reputation to gain the trust of the reading public. Most of the time though, readers of the net have a hard time recognizing this particular fact in the systems of internet information sharing. Hence, they fall for the snare of believing even fraudulently presented issues through the assistance of the Internet’s worldwide connection. To identify the validity of the informations, it is important for one to become balanced in viewing the bulk of informations shared through the Internet especially of the issues are based upon political topics. The idea herein is to actually assist the readers of the net in segregating the informations that they particularly meet with through the World Wide Web. How could this be done? Conscientiously integrating the presentations on the web with that of the other media systems considering the topic could be a great help. It really makes it easier for one to have a better overview of an issue if the system is much more likely based on two different points of view. Balancing the informations received would then be more efficient as the issues are to be measured as to how they were particularly shown through the different mediums of media presentation. Kerbel and Bloom’s study particularly points out that the increase of blogs and other internet based information posting never stops annually. The reason behind this increase perhaps is the fact that the people involved in these information posting also gain the confidence in presenting more and more opinionated informations which they would like to other internet surfers around the world. Words are powerful. With the use of information exchange, there had been numerous changes happening in the world. The idea is that the more words become influential, the greater strength it begins to acquire upon the ability of the human mind to segregate the information that it receives. Most of the time, the said informations are either factual or not. However it may seem, it should occur that the factuality of the informations should always be checked for the validity of the informations presented on the part of the readers. In the second question, based on research topic, after 9/11 world wide uprising tension; So now how media represents religion on the public sphere? are they use people sentiment? Because of the current events occurring around the world, like that of the situation that happened in 9/11, gaining the sentiments of the people to be able to come up with measurable strategies of fighting the supposed â€Å"wrong deeds† of those who initiated the bombings has been the main idealism of the different blogs from both the American government and other social institutions during those specific times of turmoil. Constantly seeing the vulnerability of the society to the situation has actually been the key reason why the opportunists saw the time as a basis of the basic approach that they are going to use to get the attention of the readers so as to persuade them in agreeing to the fight against the terror movements of the other side of the supposed â€Å"war†. Conclusion From this particular discussion, it could be observed that Internet has been considered as super highway of information during the 21st century. Overall, the evaluation of the informations presented through this particular route of informative issues shows that it has naturally given way to the major stratifying procedures of feeling the sense of freedom of speech even among ordinary people surfing the net. Several articles from professional writers attest to this particular fact as they are aware that there are those who simply would like to write while there are those who right for a reason. This is why it is very important for one to be aware and enthusiastic about what he reads from the net. References: Cass R. Sunstein. (2007). Is the Internet really a blessing for democracy?. http://bostonreview.net/BR26.3/sunstein.html. (October 22, 2007) Jay Rosen. (2007). In Democratic Time. http://bostonreview.net/BR26.3/rosen.html. (October 22, 2007). Matthew R. Kerbel and Joel David Bloom. (2007). Blog for America and Civic Involvement. The Harvard International Journal of Press and Politics. How to cite Media and public sphere, Essay examples

Value of Project Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a summary of role of Project Management in today's Business World. Answer: The summary of role of Project Management in todays business world: The project management is the discipline to initiate, plan, execute, control and close a teams work for achieving particular goals. The main significance of this is to gain every desired aims of a project within the constraints provided (Kerzner 2013). The project management imparts a huge effect in the current business world. Based on studies and personal and professional experiences the summary analyzes the role of project management in the current era. The process to complete a particular course in managing the group of related, interdependent and ongoing projects is referred to as the project management. The lifecycles of a project includes four different steps. First one is the defining, that deals with the goals, specifications, tasks and responsibilities. The next phase is the planning and considers the staffing, risks, resources, budgets and schedules. Then come the executing phase that includes the status reports, changes, quality and forecasts (Burke 2013). The last one is the closing where the lessons are learned, and the activities like evaluation, releasing resources, transferring documents and training the customers are done. The factors in the present day drivers of project management are the knowledge explosion, compressing of the product life cycle, the tripe bottom lines like planet, profit and people, rise in customer focus and the smaller projects denoting huge problems. During the project governance every project management activities are overviewed. It demonstrates the large scenario of how the organizational resources are used. The risks are assessed and there establishes a link between the senior management and the actual project execution management (Fleming and Koppelman 2016). The project management of today undertakes two socio technical approaches. The first one is the technical dimension or the scientific one. This comprises of the purely logical, disciplined, formal parts of the process. This includes the controlling, scheduling and planning of projects. The next one is the socio-cultural one that falls under the field of arts. This includes the paradoxical and contradictory world to implement. This centers on developing a social system which is temporary under a huge organizational scenario assimilating the talents of sets of professional divergent in nature and working to finish the project. The strategic management section of the process does the analyzing and formulating strategies for reaching the objectives. The project portfolio management has been building discipline in the selection process of the project (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). Apart from allocating resources to the projects, it balances the risk across every project and justifies the killing projects improving communication and the support agreements on the project goals. The highly skilled professionals referred to as the professional managers need to perform the project management. Since the company executives and the entrepreneurs have been dealing with the regular responsibilities to manage a company, it has been vital to utilize dedicated managers to control the projects from the conception till completion (Mir and Pinnington 2014). The project manager faces various challenges in the process if right people are not induced at the correct time for addressing the right issues and making the correct decisions. They manage the non-repetitive temporary activities and generally act independently. They have been marshalling the resources for that project and linked to the interface of the customer directly. They have been providing integration, coordination and direction to the project team. Thus they are always responsible for the performing and the successful outcome of the project (Larson and Gray 2014). Moreover they react to the changes with proper modifications in the present projects and decisions regarding the future ones. They have known that the strategy of the organization could turn into efficient advocates of the projects aligned along with the objectives. The project has been the temporary endeavor undertaken to develop any distinct result, service or product. The project managers need to keep eye on all the matters ranging from resources to deadlines given for the project. The project managers understanding the strategy of the organization could turn themselves into more efficient project advocates aligned with the mission of the organization. Understanding of the efficient techniques of project management serves the companies in executing large-scale projects within allocated budget and time. This is done with the minimum disruption to the additional section of the business. References: Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Cicmil, S., Cooke-Davies, T., Crawford, L. and Richardson, K., 2017, April. Exploring the complexity of projects: Implications of complexity theory for project management practice. Project Management Institute. Fleming, Q.W. and Koppelman, J.M., 2016, December. Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C.F., 2014. Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. Martinelli, R.J. and Milosevic, D.Z., 2016.Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), pp.202-217.

Supply and demand 2 Essay Example For Students

Supply and demand 2 Essay Recent medical advances have greatly enhanced the ability to successfully transplant organs and tissue. Forty-five years ago the first successful kidney transplant was performed in the United States, followed twenty years later by the first heart transplant. Statistics from the United Network for Organ Sharing (ONOS) indicate that in 1998 a total of 20,961 transplants were performed in the United States. Although the number of transplants has risen sharply in recent years, the demand for organs far outweighs the supply. To date, more than 65,000 people are on the national organ transplant waiting list and about 4,000 of them will die this year- about 11 every day- while waiting for a chance to extend their life through organ donation (Yoakam 1). We will write a custom essay on Supply and demand 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This figure, when looked at from an economic standpoint, exemplifies a case of supply and demand between organ donors and patients with a diseased organ. Just as there is a supply and demand in any given market, there are also complementary and substitute goods. Who decides who gets transplants and who doesnt? This question implies that the organ market also needs to have various, effective allocation mechanisms. The organ market has complementary and substitute goods and can use various effective allocation mechanisms. A person that receives an organ transplant almost always requires several complementary goods. One obvious good is the medical care received for the actual transplant and for follow-up doctors visits. For most people who undergo an organ or tissue transplant the quality of their life and general overall health improves following the transplant. Persons who receive a transplant are frequently required to take a series of medications that suppress their immune system and prevent their body from rejecting the newly acquired organ. They often will need to undergo frequent medical visits and testing to monitor the transplanted organ. At times, the organ transplant will be unsuccessful and the organ may need to be removed. These people will be placed back on the waiting list for another organ (Yoakam). Two more goods are the medication to prevent rejection and (assuming the patient has insurance) payments made by the patients insurance company for the patients care. The donors family is not responsible for the costs incurred through organ donation. The recipient, most times through their insurance carrier or Medicare pays for all of the costs related to the donation of organs and tissue. If the price of organs increases (whether due to an increase in demand or decrease in supply) the demand for the complementary good will decrease. The converse of a complementary good is a substitute good. In the organ market, a substitute good really depends on what organ is being considered. People with diseased livers are particularly at risk because there is no medical alternative to transplantation for keeping a patientalive. The only two obvious substitute goods for a liver transplant would be extensive medical care and pain medications. On the other hand, someone with diseased kidneys has more options. One obvious option would be dialysis. But, when looked at as a whole, the organ market does have substitute goods. If the price of organs increases (whether due to an increase in demand or decrease in supply) the demand for the substitute good will increase. Since the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 prevents a monetary price from being placed on a donated organ, effective allocation mechanisms must be utilized. Allocation mechanisms must be accessed because the shortage of supply compared to the demand. In any market, allocation mechanisms rely on many factors but some include friendships, under the table payments, predicted profit, and personal biases. In the organ market, several allocation mechanisms come to mind. There is always the possibility that a particular patient has a family member or friend that is in the organ transplantation profession, and/or the family of the patient is able to pay-off someone in charge of the distribution of organs. In reality, these two mechanisms are frowned upon for their lack of morality. One real possibility for an allocation mechanism is to make a waiting list on a first-come first-served basis. .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .postImageUrl , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:hover , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:visited , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:active { border:0!important; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:active , .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063 .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud20adc0b029357f8e4cbebc0c641d063:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homemade Education Argumentative Essay This method would only be for those who, in a panel of doctors professional opinions, had a .

Clues in the Pre-1850 US Censuses - How to Dig Details from the Early Census Records

Clues in the Pre-1850 US Censuses - How to Dig Details from the Early Census Records Most genealogists researching American ancestors love the detailed censuses taken between 1850 and 1940. Yet our eyes glaze over and our head starts hurting when we take on the columns and head counts of the pre-1850 census enumerations. Many researchers go so far as to avoid them altogether, or use them only as a source for the head of household. When used together, however, these early U.S. census records can often provide important clues to early American families. The earliest U.S. census schedules, 1790-1840, furnish only the names of the free heads of family, not of other family members. These schedules totaled the number of other family members, without name, by free or slave status. Free, white individuals were also grouped by age and sex categories from 1790 through 1810 - a categorization that eventually applied to other persons. The age categories also increased each year, from two age groups for free white males only in 1790, to twelve age groups for free whites and six age groups for slaves and free colored persons in 1840. What Can pre-1850 Census Records Tell US? Since the pre-1850 census records dont identify names (other than head of household) or family relationships, you may be wondering what they can tell you about your ancestors. Pre-1850 census records can be used to: track your ancestors movements prior to 1850distinguish between individuals with the same nameidentify possible children that you may not be aware ofidentify possible parents for your ancestoridentify possible relatives among neighbors By themselves, these early census records dont often provide much useful information, but used together they can generally provide a good picture of a familys structure. The key here is to identify your family in as many of the 1790-1840 censuses as possible, and analyze the information found in each one in conjunction with the others. Sorting Out Whos Who When I research in the pre-1850 census records, I begin by creating a list identifying each individual, their age, and the range of birth years supported by their given age. Looking at the family of Louisa May Alcott* in the 1840 census of Concord, Massachusetts, for example: A.B. Alcott (Amos Bronson Alcott), age 40-49 (b. 1790-1800) 1799Female (wife Abigail?), age 40-49 (b. 1790-1800) 1800Girl (Anna Bronson?), age 10-14 (b. 1825-1831) 1831Girl (Louisa May?), age 5-9 (b. 1831-1836) 1832Girl (Elizabeth Sewell?), age 5-9 (b. 1831-1836) 1835 *the youngest daughter, May, was born in July 1840...after the date of the 1840 census Tip! Men of the same name referred to as Sr or Jr werent necessarily Father and Son. These designations were often used to distinguish between two different people of the same name in the area - Sr for the elder, and Jr for the younger. This method can actually be used to sort out possible parents for your ancestors as well. In researching my Owens ancestors in Edgecombe County, N.C., Ive created a large chart of all of the Owens men listed in the pre-1850 census records, along with the members of their households and the age brackets. While I still havent been able to confirm exactly who goes where, this method did help me narrow down the possibilities. Narrowing Down Birth Dates Using several U.S. census records, you can often narrow down the ages of these early ancestors. To do this, it helps to create a list of the ages and possible birth years for each census year in which you can find your ancestor. Census records can help narrow down the birth year of Amos Bronson Alcox/Alcott, for example, to a range between 1795 and 1800. To be honest, you can get that range for him from a single census record (either 1800 or 1810), but having that same range possible in multiple censuses increases your likelihood of being correct. Amos B. Alcox/Alcott 1840, Concord, Middlesex, Massachusettshead of household, age 40-49 (1790-1800) 1820, Wolcott, New Haven, Connecticutone of the 2 males age 16-25 (1795-1804) 1810, Wolcott, New Haven, Connecticut1 male, age 10-15 (1795-1800) 1800, Wolcott, New Haven, Connecticutmale, age 0-4 (1795-1800) His actual date of birth is 29 Nov 1799, which fits right in. Next Digging Up Deaths from Pre-1850 Census Records Analyzing Family Members Birth Dates Digging Up Deaths Clues to death dates may also be found in the early US census records prior to 1850. The 1830 federal census, for example, lists Anna Alcott (mother of Amos) as head of household with Wd. (for widow) after her name. From this, we know that Joseph Alcott died sometime between the 1820 and 1830 census (he actually died in 1829). Using the age bracket method for the wife/spouse for each census year may reveal the death of one wife and marriage to another. This is generally just guesswork, but look for instances when her possible age jumps between one census and the next, or when the age of the wife makes her too young to be the mother of all the children. Sometimes youll find young children who appear to disappear between one census and the next. This could mean they were just living elsewhere at the time of the census, but it could also indicate that they died.

Swifts A Modest Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Swifts A Modest Proposal - Essay Example The writer begins by ruing the prevalence of beggars and impoverished children and proposes to submit a â€Å"cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the common-wealth† (Swift, para 2, 1729). Starting on this apparently straightforward note, Swift adopts a tone of practical economics and moral righteousness, which prompts the reader to expect him to list some realistic solution. Swift couches his proposal in terms of apparent objectivity, economic calculation and statistical data. However, the reader tends to be uncertain about the writer’s true motivation, and there is a suspicious undertone of irony in the passage where Swift declares â€Å"we neither build houses nor cultivate land† (para 6, 1729). This suspicion is further strengthened when he goes on to speak of young children in terms of a â€Å"saleable commodity† (para 7, 1729). However, Swift succeeds in hiding his real agenda. As the reader is lulled by his argumentative tone, the â€Å"surprise ending† of Swift’s proposal comes as an unexpected jolt: he proposes that poor children be sold on the market as food for wealthy landlords. Although the â€Å"surprise ending† of the writer’s proposal is unexpected, Swift is unable to validate his suggestion. It is now evident that the writer is using satire as a weapon and the piece is not to be taken at its literal or face value. Swift’s proposal is an attack on the prevailing social relations in Ireland, the widespread poverty, the indifference of absentee landlords, and their exploitation of the peasants, and British oppression of the Irish nation. The reader is quick to grasp that Swift’s actual proposal to alleviate the misery of Ireland is stated in paragraph 29: taxation of absentee landlords, use of locally manufactured goods, nationalism, unity and virtue. Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is a satirical attempt to rouse the conscience of the reader to the plight of the impoverished

The Jewish Museum - Berlin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

The Jewish Museum - Berlin - Essay Example The Holocaust and the genocide of the Jews in the past are sensitive topics, and many Berliners as well as people from other parts of the country attribute feelings of guilt and remorse at the treatment of the Jews at the hands of the Nazi authorities. The opening of such cultural representations in Berlin thus attracted my attention. The purpose of the dissertation is to explore the Museum in relation to its architecture and its historical and cultural significance. The result of the research would be that I would be able to critically understand the dynamics and the cultural interplay of the Jewish and the non-Jewish communities. With this research I also attempt to establish the potential role that the Jews of the present Germany can play. The research has been done through resources available on the Internet as well as through books and scholarly articles. The research has extensively depended upon the research material that has been available on the Internet and through books and articles. The start of the dissertation gives an introduction of the Museum. This includes information about the Museum ranging from the number of people who visit it to the significance of the construction of a cultural representation in Berlin. The history of the Museum gives information about its history. The next section relates to the architecture of the building and explores how the architect has used architectural designs to represent the Jewish culture as well as the manifestations of the Holocaust. The sections about irony and how the architect has dealt with it discuss in detail the conflict that exists between the construction of cultural representations in a city that was once the propagator of violence against the Jews. An irony exists in the building of a museum that integrates and promotes the history of the Jews in a city that was the hub of anti-Jewish activities. The architect has taken many steps to make

Schizophrenia: Treatment, Portrayal and Stigma

Schizophrenia: Treatment, Portrayal and Stigma ABSTRACT MENTAL ILLNESS AS PORTRAYED IN THE MOVIE A BEAUTIFUL MIND Associated Signs and Symptoms of Schizophrenia The movie A Beautiful Mind is an adaptation of the book by the same name and is a biopic based on the life of Nobel Prize winning economist, John Forbes Nash, Jr. The movie portrays the symptoms and treatment for paranoid schizophrenia from which John Nash suffers. He has episodes of auditory and visual hallucinations and has frequent interactions with imaginary people. This paper attempts to present a reflective case study of the patient as presented in the movie. The patient when treated for hallucinations has certain negative reactions to the medicine, to overcome which, he avoids them, relapsing into his earlier condition. The patient mentions taking newer medications later on which also help him decide between the reality and delusion. At the end of the movie, the patient is seen to have overcome this disorder by learning to ignore his hallucinations. This paper discusses alternate treatment as well as recommendations for future mental health nursing practices. In the movie, A Beautiful Mind, the protagonist, demonstrates the classical symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia. The protagonist, John Nash, suffered from schizophrenia which was only discovered at a later stage. During his college years at Princeton, Johns room-mate and best-friend was a man named Charles, who is later found out to be one of Johns hallucinations (A Beautiful Mind 2001). As time goes by, his hallucinations become more frequent and violent as he soon believes himself to be working for the US government on a top secret project to which no one, not even his wife had access to. When he started missing classes a psychiatrist was called in to look into his condition and he found the stay at the asylum unpleasant and believed it to be a Soviet plan to stop him from working on his secret governmental mission. His wife had trouble believing the psychiatrist at first as she believed her husbands story to be true and very real. But she realized the problem when she went to his c ollege to find out what he used to do during work and found magazine clippings pasted all over the room. She also discovered the unopened confidential envelopes that were supposed to be sent out to Mr. Parcher, the person who put John up to the secret mission. The story revolves around how John has to face reality when his make-belief world is so real to him. He can finally confront his reality when he realizes that Charles niece, Marcee, never grew any older than when he had first met her. With continual medication, he learns to ignore the fictional characters in his life and starts to teach again, at Princeton. He goes on to win the Nobel Prize in Economics and lives a happier life. Paranoid schizophrenia is only one of numerous categories of schizophrenia which is a chronic mental disease. People suffering from this kind of mental illness are not able to interpret reality in a normal way and are said to suffer from psychosis. Around 40 percent of schizophrenic cases are of paranoid schizophrenia. The symptoms usually start being displayed at later ages from around the ages of 25 or 30. The typical symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia include hallucinations and delusions that have no connection with reality. The ability to think and function normally is affected and though paranoid schizophrenia is a milder form of the disorder it can have lifelong ramifications and can even result in suicidal behavior and other complications. Usually the onset of the illness is marked by a sense of grandiosity and this preponderance is seen in case of delusion and/or a sense of persecution. The onset of the disease can be quite sudden and the deterioration in the condition of the patient can be quite rapid. The recognition and identification of these symptoms can be quite difficult for people with no prior experience or exposure to this situation. More perceptive relatives and friends may be able to recognize a heightened state of nervous tension, irritability, anger, jealousy and argumentative behavior (Kennard 2008). However, the good news is that with proper diagnosis and treatment patients overcome the symptoms and lead a happy life. Treatment Modalities Specific to Schizophrenia The symptoms displayed by John Nash in the film are very distinct and classic. The hallucinations of his room-mate, Charles and later that of Mr. Parcher, the US government official, and finally of Marcee show that his illness was detected at a very advanced stage where the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia needed to be treated symptomatically and with continued medication and therapy. The medications that Nash is put under are the antipsychotic drugs and insulin shock therapy. He was confined and had to be kept under constant supervision at the mental hospital. During particularly severe conditions he had to be bound and kept in solitary internment. The major part of Nashs treatment included Dr. Rosens recommendation of insulin shock therapy, which is a conventional method of treating mental illness and is now considered to be outdated and antipsychotic drugs. The insulin coma therapy and convulsive therapy have now been replaced by antipsychotic drugs that have greater efficacy and lesser adverse effects. Antipsychotic drugs are tranquilizing medicines that are used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. The first generation of anti-psychotic drugs included clozapine (Monson 2008) which acted on the receptor sites of neurotransmitter, dopamine. Clozapine is a prescription drug for advanced conditions of schizophrenia and is also sold in the market under the trademark of Clozaril and FazaClo. It is sold specifically under prescription as tablets. It reduces the heightened sensitivity by blocking dopamine and serotonin from being transmitted in the brain. Some adverse side effects of clozapine can be drowsiness, constipation, and weight gain. Sodium valproate is an anticonvulsant that is now commonly used in treating psychiatric disorders particularly in the treatment of psychosis and depression (Omranifard, Amel Amanat 2010). Some common side effects of prolonged use of these medicines are weight gain, diabetes, drowsiness, spasms and tremors (NIH 2010). Some other symptoms like tardive dyskinesia (NIH 2010) which causes twitching around the mouth region are also seen in some patients. If these symptoms are noticed in patients being treated with these medicines, the doctors intervention should be sought. Patients suffering from schizophrenia have to be on life-long treatment for this condition. In the movie, A Beautiful Mind, we also see the use of shock therapy in the form of insulin shock therapy. Nash had to undergo this kind of therapy five times a week for duration of ten weeks. In the conventional mode of treatment, it was thought that convulsions were a way to prevent occurrence of schizophrenia. Hence, this method of treatment was used on patients to induce convulsion and electroconvulsive was often used to protect the patient from personality disorders. In modern times, doctors use anesthesia and varieties of muscle-relaxants to this therapy more bearable. Intervention, Support Program and Therapy for Schizophrenia Apart from medical intervention, the patient needs to undergo behavioral therapies such as training in social skills in order to function normally in their daily lives. Support and awareness programs should be conducted for the patient as well as the family members. Support at a community level should also be given to the care-givers to cope with the situation and prevent relapses (Dawson 2010). Family members and support groups must encourage patients to follow through with their treatment and get check-ups done regularly. Basic skills that need to be reinforced with a person suffering from schizophrenia should include: Training for rehabilitation like being able to perform basic hygiene routine and being able to eat on ones own Being able to use public transport Train for a job: basic skills and communication Learn how to manage money When to take correct doses of medicines How to recognize signs of relapse and communicate with the therapist. Diagnostic Tests for Schizophrenia Current Prevalence The first step in the detection and prognosis of the clinical conditions experienced in schizophrenic and bipolar patients is through reliable diagnostic techniques such as CT scan of the brain, magnetic resonance and other imaging techniques which may help eliminate possible confusion in the diagnosis of this disease. As there are few or no medical tests available that will warn a person of an onset or prevention of this disorder, the psychiatrist must carry out a thorough evaluation of the patients family background and genetic history by interviewing the patient and the care givers. The doctor must also take into account the course the illness has taken and how long the symptoms have been prevalent, patients reaction to medication and therapy. The current prevalence of this condition at a global level stands between 0.5 and 1 percent (Bhugra 2010). However, prevalence of this disorder can be calculated only through registered cases of Schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. The risk of occurrence of this disease is higher than the actual prevalence recorder statistically. Prevalence in developed countries is higher than in developing countries, partially because more cases are registered and more commonly because of the nomadic and unstable lifestyles (Saha et al 2009). There is no appreciable difference in the male and female cases of occurrence, though the migrant populations have a higher propensity for this disorder. Impact of Psychosocial Issues like Discrimination John Nash had strange mannerisms and his odd behavior put some of his students and friends off (A Beautiful Mind 2001). His constant writing of formulae on window panes and wearing his knitted hat at all times seemed out of place and caused his friends to ridicule him. The incident of his being dared to speak to an unknown girl and her slapping him for his effort caused him to become the brunt of his friends jokes. There was an incident with his teacher who was worried about Nashs performance in Princeton but that was later transformed to appreciation because of the brilliance of his project. People suffering from schizophrenia are often labeled, stereotyped (Marder 2010) and discriminated against. The common perception is that the patient is responsible for having the behavioral changed that are a part of the symptoms of the disorder. Often negative stereotypes are created and the people suffering from schizophrenia are believed to have undesirable or uncontrollable characteristics. In the film, it has been demonstrated by the absent-minded behavior of John Nash when he allows his son to nearly drown in the bath-tub while he goes off to complete his secret work. His constant delusion of being engaged in highly classified and confidential state matters caused his wife and friends distress and at certain periods to mistrust his words, when in reality he was making up stories due to his hallucinations and delusions. These stereotypes often lead to discrimination against the sufferers of schizophrenia and they are considered as social outcasts. Discrimination often takes the form of patients being rejected in society and their job applications being rejected on the basis of their mental health reports. The same has been observed in the case of letting out apartments to people with a history of schizophrenia. They are not considered socially competent and find themselves subjected to derision and not being taken seriously. The quality of their work is often scrutinized more than the average worker and that causes them additional mental trauma. Certain ethical issues that may come up during the prognosis and treatment of this disorder may come in conflict with human rights issues. For example, patients who were treated with electroconvulsive therapy were never consulted and had to endure extreme pain and terror often without reaping the benefits of being completely cured. Another significant point to be remembered in this regard is that the person suffering from schizophrenia is often driven to desperate acts like self-mutilation because the people they trust do not believe them and sometimes reject them outright. This, to my mind, adds insult to injury because the need to be heard and understood is very high in people who are confused and trying to grapple with their own demons. Role of Nurse in Treatment of Schizophrenia The role of a nurse in the treatment of schizophrenia is important as they can be effective in intervening with people suffering from schizophrenia and their families. They are trained to use interventions that have been proven to be effective. They can be administer IV injections and monitor the condition of patients so that the chances of a relapse are minimized. They can help in educating the family members, improve the familys ability to cope with the stress of having to care for a mentally ill patient and improve their communication skills. The nurse is particularly trained to observe drug compliance and manage the situation professionally in times of crisis. Nurses can also monitor the physiological condition of the patient and make educated reports to the doctor in charge of the patients treatment. For the family, the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a loved one is experienced as a disruptive event that changes the family life and affects a family member permanently and scars him/her for life. This unhappy experience mars the patients relationships with his family members and friends who begin to perceive him as a stranger who is needy and requires constant attention. The presence of a trained nurse can mitigate this situation as it is easier to confide in, trust and unburden ones grief to a third party whose perception of the situation will be more objective. Also the nurses training in this specific field can be used as a better supervisor to monitor the day-to-day progress in a patients condition. Recommendations A family member or care-giver may be emotional about it and not be able to assess the situation objectively or even adhere to drug-compliance and post recovery counseling. Nurses can also help the client to recognize hallucinations and talk about the hallucinations dispassionately. Nurses are also in the unique position of being trusted by the patients whom they can reassure by telling them that there are other patients who have similar symptoms (Nursing Care Plan 2010). A patient is more likely to receive a nurses recommendations for treatment more seriously than family members and help the patients to recover more quickly. The movie is much acclaimed and very well made as it has not used a clichà ©d approach to schizophrenia as a mental disorder and ways in which people deal with this debilitating disease (Hausman 2010). In the movie, the ending is touching but it shows how people once afflicted with this disorder will have to live with it for their lives. However, I would think that with the newer techniques of treatment and advancement in pharmacology, these kinds of disorders will be able to reduce the trauma of the patient and their families. Realistic films such as A Beautiful Mind should advertise the newer modes of treatment that will reduce the suffering of the people and allow them to lead happy lives. I would recommend that this powerful medium be used to create awareness amongst common people so that the patients of schizophrenia are not discriminated against and their disorders can be stemmed at the initial stages.

Symbols and Symbolism in Long Days Journey into Night :: Long Days Journey into Night

   Symbolism is used throughout O ¹Neill ¹s Long Day ¹s Journey into Night, a portrayal of the   author ¹s life.   The three prominent symbols, the fog, the foghorn, and Mary ¹s glasses, represent the characters ¹ isolation from reality.   The symbols in  ³Long Day ¹s Journey into   Night ² are used to substitute illusion for reality.   Although Mary is the character directly associated with living in illusion, all characters in the play try to hide from the truth in their own ways. At the beginning of the second act, O'Neill notes a change in setting which has taken place since the play opened.   No sunlight comes into the room now   and there is a faint haziness in the air.   This haziness or fog obscures one ¹s perception   of the world, and it parallels the attempts of each member of the family to obscure or hide reality.   Tyrone, for example, drinks whiskey to escape his son ¹s criticism of how cheap he is.   The reference to fog always has a double meaning in this play,   referring both to the atmosphere and to the family.   Much of the activity carried on by the Tyrone family is under-handed and sneaky, they are always attempting to put something over on somebody   and obscure the truth. This brings us to the second symbol, the foghorn.   Mary says she loves the fog because "it hides you from the world and the world from you," but she hates the foghorns because they warn you and call you back ².   This escape is similiar to the morphine she takes, and the foghorns are the family ¹s warnings against her addictions.   When they discuss the mother, Edmund resents Jamie's hinting that she might have gone back to her old habit; and Jamie is angry with Edmund for not staying with her all morning. Although they both think that she has started using dope again, they don't want to have to admit it. Because the men in the family all try so hard to deny the truth and to blame each other or the mother for her affliction, it appears that they all feel some guilt and some responsibility for what has happened to her , and to themselves.   Even when confronted with the truth (that the mother is using drugs), they all still try to act as if everything were all right, to deny the reality and live in illusion. Mary ¹s glasses symbolize her inability to see things clearly.   She frequently misplaces them, and really doesn ¹t want to find them

Personal Position paper on Psychotherapy Essay

Introduction â€Å"People are always changed by disasters, and other life events, but they need not be damaged by them.† -John D. Weaver   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When we study human behavior, specifically focusing on the development of personality and crucial to how a person or individual conducts him/herself, psychology offers a variety of dimensions. The concept of personality is central to our attempt to understand ourselves and others and is part of the way in which we account for the differences that contribute to our individuality. Psychologists have been particularly concerned with shaping of the personality in relation to genetic and environmental influences. We have been fortunate that the study of human personality has been thriving and fruitful. We can choose from as many models we can to help us see ourselves better and maintain good relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the course of our study, every individual counselor – therapist eventually develops his/her own approach in the therapeutic process. The path that the practitioner takes concerning his/her choice of approach or model depends a lot on his/her own personal preferences, personality and understanding of human nature. An eclectic approach is usually the direction that anyone in this field would take; however, certain emphasis is made on some specific positions simply because these are the dominant theories which help guide him/her in focusing the essentials of the process with the client.   Though the attempt is said to be eclectic then, the therapist still has this open option to change or vary some details of his/her strategy along the course of the interaction or treatment phases. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a need for integration not only for its theoretical applicability but also for its practical usefulness. Presuppositions or philosophical conceptualizations are the pillars of any worldview, and to successfully establish a new one requires that changes or reinforcements be made at this plane. The integrative approaches were framed at this level so as to remove mental oppositions as they arise every time in one’s thoughts. When this is not adequately laid down, no audience can align their thoughts or understanding with what the author tries to convey. This paper is an attempt to convey a personal understanding of human behavior in the context of psychotherapeutic approaches that are modified for use by the author. It appreciates the accomplishments of the various approaches such as Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychoanalytic, Existential, Humanistic, Family Systems, Gestalt and Client-Centered developments in the profes sion. The following reflects the views of the author in the healing process of the mind and emotions. Key Concepts of My Approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is therefore expected that though at this point I value the primary theories or perspectives that I am thus enumerating afterwards, this also implies that I am open to the various developments that are expectedly to occur in my practice in the future. Since this is an eclectic approach at employing strategies I have found to be beneficial personally and that of others, I wish to mention many of these in the following statements. I am persuaded further that key elements or themes are found all throughout my own version of the approach. The smaller yet finer points come only in the between. For the thrust that this paper is taking, I wish to mention then my views individually, on Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychoanalytic, Existential, Humanistic, Family Systems, Gestalt and Client-Centered approaches. Behavioral Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This model utilizes what is termed as the learning theory posited by Skinner and Watson and the rest of the Behaviorism school. It assumes that the principles in learning i.e., conditioning (Associative and Operant) are effective means to effect change in an individual. Generally, the thrust of this theoretical perspective is focused on the symptoms that a person is experiencing. Just as many of the errors of the patterns of behavior come from learning from the environment, it is also assumed that an individual will be able to unlearn some if not all these by using the techniques as applied based on the learning principles. To a certain extent I believe that this still works: reinforcements are effective to some extent and in some or many people hence I am incorporating this stance separate or distinct from the Cognitive-Behavioral approach.   In behavior therapy therefore, thoughts, feelings and all those â€Å"malfunctioning† an d unwanted manifestations revealed in one’s activities can be unlearned and the work of a behavior therapist. The basic concepts include â€Å"extinguishing† – utilized when maladaptive patterns are then weakened and removed and in their place habits that are healthy are established (developed and strengthened) in a series or progressive approach called â€Å"successive approximations. When these (factors) are reinforced such as through rewards in intrinsic and extrinsic means, the potential of a more secure and steady change in behavior is developed and firmly established (Rubinstein et al., 20074; Corey, 2004). Although few psychologists today would regard themselves as strict behaviorists, behaviorism has been very influential in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline. There are different emphases within this discipline though. Some behaviorists contend plainly that the observation of behavior is the best or most expedient method of exploring psychological and cognitive processes. Others consider that it is in reality the only way of examining such processes, while still others argue that behavior itself is the only appropriate subject of psychology, and that familiar psychological terms such as belief only refer to behavior. Albert Bandura’s social cognitive approach grew out of this movement. Bandura’s method emphasizes cognitive processes over and above observable behavior, concentrating on not only the influence of the person’s upbringing for example, but also â€Å"observation, imitation, and thought processes† (Plotnik, 2005). Cognitive-Behavioral   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the cognitive approach alone, the therapist understands that a client or patient comes into the healing relationship and the former’s role is to change or modify the latter’s maladjusted or error-filled thinking patterns. These patterns may include wishful thinking, unrealistic expectations, constant reliving and living in the past or even beyond the present and into the future, and overgeneralizing. These habits lead to confusion, frustration and eventual constant disappointment. This therapeutic approach stresses or accentuates the rational or logical and positive worldview: a viewpoint that takes into consideration that we are problem-solvers, have options in life and not that we are always left with no choice as many people think. It also looks into the fact that because we do have options then there are many things that await someone who have had bad choices in the past, and therefore can look positively into the futu re. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy postulated primarily by Ellis and Beck â€Å"facilitates a collaborative relationship between the patient and therapist.† With the idea that the counselor and patient together cooperate to attain a trusting relationship and agree which problems or issues need to come first in the course of the therapy. For the Cognitive Behaviorist Therapist, the immediate and presenting problem that the client is suffering and complaining from takes precedence and must be addressed and focused in the treatment. There is instantaneous relief from the symptoms, and may be encouraged or spurred on to pursue in-depth treatment and reduction of the ailments where possible. The relief from the symptoms from the primary problem or issue will inspire the client to imagine or think that change is not impossible after all. In this model, issues are dealt directly in a practical way. Coaching the patient on the step by step procedure of CBT is a basic and fundamental ingredient. Here the client is enlightened as to the patterns of his thinking and the errors of these thoughts which bore fruit in his attitudes and behavior. His/her thoughts and beliefs have connections on his/her behavior and must therefore be â€Å"reorganized.† For instance, the ways that a client looks at an issue of his/her life will direct the path of his reactivity to the issue. When corrected at this level, the behavior follows automatically (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Psychodynamic Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and often unconscious struggles within the person. These usually involved conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. Not all of those who take a psychodynamic approach accept all of Freud’s original ideas, but most would view abnormal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freud’s camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994). Existential Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Existential approach, as put forward by Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger, Rollo May, and Frankl, believes that the individual’s potential may lie dormant but that it is there waiting to be ushered in time. It recognizes that man is able to achieve great heights and that these are just waiting to be tapped not only by him/herself but that also when helped by a practitioner who is persuaded of this notion. It examines such major issues as free will and the challenges of exercising this free will, the issue of mortality, loneliness and in general, the meaning of life. The Therapy is effective when the practitioner works with elderly care and death and dying issues. It focuses on the individual needs but takes into consideration the significant relationships and the meanings they bring into the person’s life. Transcending the issues and problems are primary intentions of the therapist at the same time being realistic that certain limitations do exist and may hinder the process of recovery (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Humanistic Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Allport, Bugental, Buhler, Maslow Rollo May, Murphy, Murray, Fritz Perls and Rogers are those that helped usher in the Humanistic theory and consequent therapy. It holds in view the individual as possessing the options or freedom to choose, creativity, and the capability to attain a state where he/she is more aware, freer, responsible and worthy of trust. Because the human mind has immense potential, the approach assesses as well that forces from the environment bear on with the individual and depending on the interplay that occurs within the individual person, the result will either be destructive or constructive to the person. In sum, humanism takes into the perspective that essentially humans are good and not evil, and that the therapy facilitates by harnessing on the human potential through the development of interpersonal skills. This results to an enhanced quality life and the individual becomes an asset rather than a liability to th e society where he revolves in (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Family Systems Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This theoretical viewpoint has been the by-product of the works of Bateson, Minuchin, Bowen, Ackerman and many others. Usually done in pairs or by a team of practitioners, family systems therapy has its roots in behavioral and psychoanalytic principles. This model understands that the family is a unit and its members or any of its members with an issue or a problem must be addressed in the context of the family as a unit. It puts its emphasis on the relationships among the family members, their patterns of communication more than their individual traits and/or symptoms. The systems theory portion of the therapy indicates that whatever is occurring or happening is not isolated but is a working part of a bigger context. In the family systems approach then, no individual person can be understood when removed from his relationships whether in the present or past, and this is specially focused on the family he belongs to (Rubinstein et al., 200 7; Corey, 2004). Gestalt Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gestalt therapy has this goal of reducing if not removing the symptoms with the rationale that the individual has personal responsibility and that the here-and-now experience is thus very important. This two-fold emphasis on the present moment as experienced by the person and that another reality is that our existence is entangled actually with other aspects and parts of the environment. It is when we understand that we are related with other things that insights to our issues are achieved and help us in finding solutions to our existence. When we are free from the obstructions of things that are â€Å"unfinished† then we reduce the obstacles and enhance the opportunities to our optimal satisfaction and fulfillment and eventual growth (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Client-Centered Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Developed and known because of the works by one person – Carl Rogers – Client Centered Therapy focuses on the person who needs aid and his/her improvement depends on the client himself although with the facilitation and assistance of the therapist. The rationale for the direction of the therapy lies in the notion that humans basically possess the ability to move towards the fulfillment of his/her possibilities. According to Rogers, â€Å"Individuals have within themselves vast resources for self-understanding and for altering their self-concepts, basic attitudes, and self-directed behavior; these resources can be tapped if a definable climate of facilitative psychological attitudes can be provided† (Rogers, 1980, p 115-117 in Rubinstein et al., 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This approach is very popular today and many therapists usually incorporate this model into their own eclectic method. Rogers identified three important concepts termed as conditions: these are congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathy. Many in the mental health circles have these in their day-to-day jargon. In the aforementioned conditions, a person moves toward what Rogers call â€Å"constructive direction† when these three conditions are afforded. The Role of the Therapist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I aspire to be a therapist – counselor whose practice is characterized as empowering and collaborative. By empowering, I understand the limitations of my role and as such I am constrained at the same time to impart my best knowledge and efforts to enable my client/patient to understand him/herself, and lead the treatment to the point where he/she is able to stand on his/her own without my help anymore. Further, it means that I recognize the patient or client as a person who is not only complex, he/she is also is imbued with the nature that inherently can heal, grow and mature. They contribute to the process, and their attitude towards the whole duration of the healing relationship is a crucial aspect to the attainment of their goals. The therapist then must remove by all means any barrier or obstruction to the achievement of goals especially when these come potentially from the therapist him/herself (that’s me). By collaborative, again because there are set limitations on my capacities, I recognize the availability and expertise of others in realms that I hardly know and that working with them, collaborating with them, gives my client more options, and provides him/her the best and comprehensive interventions that there is in the field. A therapy that is beneficial looks beyond my set style and preferences of diagnosis and treatment; it is progressive and seeks to enhance the initial strategies that had been established and continually expands oneself by learning and researching. Most importantly, by collaboration, my client is the most significant â€Å"collaborator† and that notion should not be missed all throughout (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The effectiveness of therapy in counselling is dependent substantially on two factors; namely, the patient’s cooperation, and the expertise of the therapist. Many experts in the field of Psychology have observed the significant contribution of the client to the over-all process. The individual’s perception of the therapist is extremely crucial to the ensuing treatment. Without the needed initial positive perception of the therapist on the part of the one seeking treatment, the whole process will not generate a desired momentum that would set the entire scheme in a strategic stance. Of course, the expertise of the therapist is another major factor – actually, the other half – but it’s a given to the whole package of treatment (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since a â€Å"working alliance† has to be established first before the actual treatment is administered, there are important or vital considerations for this â€Å"working alliance† between client and therapist to occur, and this is in prà ©cis, the intentions of this paper. What we will be considering in this paper are the challenges that new therapists face as they practice their profession. The past baggage of the client.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From any vantage point, the level of trust by client on his therapist, whether that perception is based on attractiveness, trustworthiness or as someone who knows what he may be dealing with in terms of credentials, are valid, and is the utmost concern of the helping relationship. Trust in the part of the client is necessary for the healing process. However, because the full ramifications of the issue almost always hinge on the perceptions of the client, the problems and hindrances need to be addressed or at least cited for clarity and deliberation at the outset of the relationship. As hinted above, the client may be bringing (emotional) baggage into their mutual involvement which may be due to prior engagements with other professionals in the therapeutic relations, whether positive or negative. Oftentimes, in many cases, these may be liaisons which were unsuccessful, distasteful or even traumatic for a few. The author pointed out that any form of future therapy will be affected due to these previous experiences, and it has to be dealt with right away at the outset (Horvath & Luborsky, 1993, p. 4). The fitness of the therapist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By fitness, we mean sufficient, wide-ranging exposure, and right training to the kind of illness/es or disorder/s that he may be dealing. Even with years spent in the academe will not guarantee the development of skills in handling such complex and true-to-life situations or scenarios. At times, the theoretic skills acquired, instead of enabling the new therapist, may deter or hamper the process. This means to say that the therapist must possess more than head-knowledge; he should not allow his schooling to affect him to the extent that it made him conceited with no room for more learning especially when additional knowledge are available in the patient himself. He must also have the sensitivity to employ his gut-feeling to at times, direct the course of the therapy (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Therapeutic relationships are almost always exhausting, but it will be an undesirable experience for the alliance partners when just one of them becomes disinterested, hence as Luborsky pressed that â€Å"reciprocity† must be established, cultivated or maintained until the relationship is terminated, hopefully because the client is well (Horvath & Luborsky, 1993, p. 4). III. The Therapeutic Process   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The therapeutic process is initiated by the therapist primarily as soon as the client or others who refer or brought the patient in for the assumed long haul of the healing relationship. It would be impossible to do all approaches at one time. By eclectic and as frequently emphasized, the usage of any of the methods will be dependent on the need of the patient, and other pertinent information that help guide which of these the therapist will be using. The therapist then is enjoined to be able to diagnose well; it is at this stage that any practitioner is well aware of the risks should he/she fail to diagnose properly the needs and or issues /problems of the client. However, as he/she matures and advances in the profession, many instances occur that the mistakes made in diagnosis are oftentimes corrected while at the treatment stage, hence the traits of flexibility and humility (admitting mistakes for instance) are valued highly in this pro fession (Rogers, 1980, p 115-117 in Rubinstein et al., 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employing the Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Existential, Humanistic, Family Systems, Gestalt and Client-Centered Eclectic stance primarily involves the incorporation of distinct concepts within a single framework. The important thing is that of flexibility and resiliency on my part when to apply or implement which of the theories in the context of my client. It starts with the identification of specific problems and especially the root causes. When this is confidently achieved, the therapist is actually midway to attaining his/her goals which includes not only the relief of the symptoms that the sufferer is currently experiencing but especially the reduction of the occurrence if not altogether eliminated. The specific treatment goals are likewise essential and it helps in the remaining aspects or levels of the process. The diagnostic part by itself in most cases is considered therapeutic since many clients have experienced immediate relief; in the language of psychoanalysis, the â€Å"cathartic† effect is helpful already. In addition, another important ingredient in the process is to identify effective reinforcers which help people in crisis for instance or those in acute and chronic mental and emotional anguish to sustain their plan for change and control of their disorders. Helping the client set up a kind of self-help management program is a very effective strategy to pursue within the relationship (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). ~Identifying clients in crisis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite breakthroughs in scientific researches and the success of many crisis interventions by established churches, there are â€Å"fly by night† operations which prey on funding of private and government groups on such types of operations. There are those who minister lacking the necessary spiritual maturity and corresponding abilities in this kind of endeavor, hence the necessity of proper credentials to minimize abuses in the profession (Buttman, p.59). Crucial to the treatment or interventions of people in crisis is the identification of clients experiencing crisis in life. â€Å"Knowledge of the three core components of crisis intervention theory (a precipitating event, client perception of the event, and the client’s usual coping methods)† is essential in this kind of work (Walsh et al, 2005). The Goal of Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trauma inducing and crisis triggering situations have spiraled its occurrence and in its primacy in the US and in many other countries in recent years. Its broad spectrum ranges from the national disaster category such as that of Hurricane Katrina or the 911 terrorist strikes in New York, Spain and England, to private instances such as a loved one’s attempt at suicide, the murder of a spouse or child, the beginning of mental illness, and the worsening situation of domestic violence (Teller et al, 2006). The acute crisis episode is a consequence of people who experience life-threatening events and feel overwhelmed with difficulty resolving the inner conflicts or anxiety that threaten their lives. They seek the help of counselors, paramedics and other health workers in crisis intervention centers to tide them over the acute episodes they are encountering. These are defining moments for people and must be adequately addressed else they lead lives with dysfunctional conduct patterns or disorders (Roberts et al, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the integrated or eclectic approach the goal of the therapy is not just relief to the patient or client. Although an immediate relief is very helpful, this may not always be the case in most illnesses. The goal as mentioned in the preceding pages is to provide long-term reduction of the symptoms and the occurrence of the disease altogether if possible. The management then is not impossible but neither is this easy. Specifically, the counselee or patient must want to heal or believe that there is going to be curative effects in the process. It presupposes that he/she must learn to trust the therapist in his/her capabilities as well in leading or facilitating the changes or modifications. It is very much essential that (in the perspective of a cognitive-behaviorist) that the client understands ownership to the deeds and choices in thought patterns he/she made are crucial to the recurring or occurring condition that s/he experiences (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the identification of specific treatments or interventions according to the diagnosed issue will be accommodated and implemented based on the chosen treatment modalities fit with the therapeutic approach utilized. It may be a single modality based on a single approach (e.g., learning principles and desensitization for a patient with specific phobias) or it maybe a combination of many modalities (CBT, Rogerian, Phenomenological, or Family systems) (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). The Nature of the Relationship between the Therapist and the Client   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The client throughout the process is a person in need of help and support and this reality is throughout reinforced in the process until the need to terminate the relationship. The therapist is the helper, who ushers the client to discover insights into his needs and problems and until the client is able to stand on his/her own the therapist aids him/her in more ways than one. Because of usual and common abuses that either the client suffers or that the therapist at times undergoes, definite boundaries are set in place at the outset. This must be established at the initial stage and from time to time emphasized to mind either of the parties in the limits of the relationship. The therapist is guided by morality and ethics of his/her profession in the proper exercise of his/her duties and bound by law to implement this in the process and make this known as well to the client. The therapist terminates the relationship readily or refer the cli ent to another competent practitioner should the limits be reached and the relationship has become unrealistically difficult for either of the two parties. Best Practices for Techniques   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Techniques or the utilization of various modalities come in a variety of forms and each when employed has the potential to meet the individual’s needs. The modality of choice at particular client/patient depends on such considerations as family support, financial constraints or financial capability, the patient’s preference, diagnosis, and age of patient (Rubinstein, et al., 2007). Employing the cathartic method, teaching the client to examine his/her thought patterns, to discern the errors of judgment and gain insight into him/herself, and to handle with patience the whole process are fundamentals in the process. When the therapist is able to shift effectively in various standpoints and enables the client to gain a better, realistic and eradicate unrealistic expectations of the self and others, they are both on the way to achieving wholeness and healing that which the client so need and aspire. This requires practice, or con stant training and endurance on the part of the therapist (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). VII. Methods of Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every theoretical approach has its own assumptions. In the psychodynamic theory, the following three assumptions help guide a student of human behavior or an expert in this field determine the underlying factors that explain the overt manifestations of specific behaviors. These assumptions therefore, help guide the diagnosis of the presence or absence of mental illness. They are the same assumptions that guide the therapist in choosing what treatment that will better help heal, cure or alleviate the symptoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These assumptions are: â€Å"There are instinctive urges that drive personality formation.† â€Å"Personality growth is driven by conflict and resolving anxieties.† â€Å"Unresolved anxieties produce neurotic symptoms†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Source: Kaplan et al, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The goals of treatment here include alleviating patient of the symptoms which specifically works to uncover and work through unconscious conflict. The task of psychodynamic therapy is â€Å"to make the unconscious conscious to the patient† (â€Å"Models of abnormality†, National Extension College Trust, Ltd). Employing the psychodynamic viewpoint, the therapist or social scientist believes that emotional conflicts, or neurosis, and/or disturbances in the mind are caused by unresolved conflicts which originated during childhood years. In the psychodynamic approach the treatment modality frequently used includes dreams and free association, at times hypnosis (as preferred by either the therapist or by the client). The therapist actively communicates with the client in the on-going sessions. The scenario appears that a given patient may have up to five times a week session and runs up to five years in length (Rubinstein et al., 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The methods of therapy incorporate the methods of the eight models. In Behavioral Therapy – the development of behavioral skills that encourage effective actions which is done through incorporating principles in learning or classical and operant conditioning. It utilizes shaping, modeling and such concepts as behavior modification, counterconditioning and exposure, and systematic desensitization.   Behavioral or action therapies utilize insight just as much as the psychodynamic model. Just as the cognitive–behavioral model also recognizes the concept of insight as well, this is only a matter of emphasis or focus. In behavioral/cognitive-behavioral therapies the focus is on the modification or control of behavior and insight usually becomes a tangential advantage. Techniques include CBT through such strategy as cognitive restructuring and the current frequently used REBT for Rational Emotive-Behavior Therapy where irrational beliefs are eliminated by examining them in a rational manner (Corey, 2004; Davison and Neale, 2001). Whereas in insight therapies the focus or emphasis is on the patient’s ability in understanding his/her issues basing on his inner conflicts, motives and fears. Techniques then include reflection of feelings and free association; the former as employed in the client–centered therapy and with the latter in psychodynamic therapy. Cognitive Strategies are utilized to promote functional thoughts which are likely to result in adaptive and healthy habits (Corey, 2004; Davison and Neale, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Client-centered therapy avoids the imposition of goals on the patient or client during therapy. It is the client who takes the lead in the session and of the conversation. It is the job of the therapist to create the conditions conducive to the client’s positive judgment of those experiences that are intrinsically satisfying to the client. The ‘goal’ then is to reach the point where the client desires to be a good and â€Å"civilized person.† Unconditional positive regard enhances this atmosphere however, and although the goal may be difficult to achieve, unconditional positive regard eventually, according to Rogers, encourages even the â€Å"`unbehaved† to conform or even transform (Corey, 2004; Davison and Neale, 2001). Gestalt therapy techniques on the other hand, include the I-language, The Empty Chair, Projection feelings, Attending to Nonverbal Cues, and the Use of Metaphor (Corey, 2004; Davison and Neale, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The techniques may sound a lot like pulling â€Å"this and that† from one’s tool box but in practice it is far from whimsical and impulsive. There is given time to much thought and analysis per client and an evaluation in between is mustered in order to be kept on track according to the specific goals that had been established at the outset. Here, professionalism counts and much of the efforts poured into every patient’s benefit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to avoid what Corey says as a syncretistic and hodgepodge type of â€Å"eclectism† a theoretical rationale must be underpinning in the overall approach of the therapist (Corey, 2001, Article 29 in Lazarus, 1986, 1996; Lazarus, Beutler, & Norcross, 1992). This means that I as the therapist must establish firmly my own worldview, which contains my value system, and communicates this at the outset to the client and intermittently in the therapeutic process.